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There is still something lacking； now you have agreed that （wealth） is a
good to some and an evil to others。 It remains to enquire what
constitutes wealth； for unless you know this； you cannot possibly come to
an understanding as to whether it is a good or an evil。 I am ready to
assist you in the enquiry to the utmost of my power： but first let him who
affirms that riches are a good； tell us what； in his opinion； is wealth。
ERASISTRATUS： Indeed； Socrates； I have no notion about wealth
beyond that which men commonly have。 I suppose that wealth is a
quantity of money （compare Arist。 Pol。）； and this； I imagine； would also be
Critias' definition。
SOCRATES： Then now we have to consider； What is money？ Or
else later on we shall be found to differ about the question。 For instance；
the Carthaginians use money of this sort。 Something which is about the
size of a stater is tied up in a small piece of leather： what it is； no one
knows but the makers。 A seal is next set upon the leather； which then
passes into circulation； and he who has the largest number of such pieces
is esteemed the richest and best off。 And yet if any one among us had a
mass of such coins he would be no wealthier than if he had so many
pebbles from the mountain。 At Lacedaemon； again； they use iron by
weight which has been rendered useless： and he who has the greatest
mass of such iron is thought to be the richest； although elsewhere it has no
value。 In Ethiopia engraved stones are employed； of which a
Lacedaemonian could make no use。 Once more； among the Nomad
Scythians a man who owned the house of Polytion would not be thought
richer than one who possessed Mount Lycabettus among ourselves。 And
clearly those things cannot all be regarded as possessions； for in some
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cases the possessors would appear none the richer thereby： but； as I was
saying； some one of them is thought in one place to be money； and the
possessors of it are the wealthy； whereas in some other place it is not
money； and the ownership of it does not confer wealth； just as the standard
of morals varies； and what is honourable to some men is dishonourable to
others。 And if we wish to enquire why a house is valuable to us but not
to the Scythians； or why the Carthaginians value leather which is
worthless to us； or the Lacedaemonians find wealth in iron and we do not；
can we not get an answer in some such way as this： Would an Athenian；
who had a thousand talents weight of the stones which lie about in the
Agora and which we do not employ for any purpose； be thought to be any
the richer？
ERASISTRATUS： He certainly would not appear so to me。
SOCRATES： But if he possessed a thousand talents weight of some
precious stone； we should say that he was very rich？
ERASISTRATUS： Of course。
SOCRATES： The reason is that the one is useless and the other
useful？
ERASISTRATUS： Yes。
SOCRATES： And in the same way among the Scythians a house has
no value because they have no use for a house； nor would a Scythian set so
much store on the finest house in the world as on a leather coat； because
he could use the one and not the other。 Or again； the Carthaginian
coinage is not wealth in our eyes； for we could not employ it； as we can
silver； to procure what we need； and therefore it is of no use to us。
ERASISTRATUS： True。
SOCRATES： What is useful to us； then； is wealth； and what is
useless to us is not wealth？
But how do you mean； Socrates？ said Eryxias； interrupting。 Do we
not employ in our intercourse with one another speech and violence （？）
and various other things？ These are useful and yet they are not wealth。
SOCRATES： Clearly we have not yet answered the question； What is
wealth？ That wealth must be useful； to be wealth at all；thus much is
acknowledged by every one。 But what particular thing is wealth； if not
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all things？ Let us pursue the argument in another way； and then we may
perhaps find what we are seeking。 What is the use of wealth； and for
what purpose has the possession of riches been invented；in the sense； I
mean； in which drugs have been discovered for the cure of disease？
Perhaps in this way we may throw some light on the question。 It appears
to be clear that whatever constitutes wealth must be useful； and that wealth
is one class of useful things； and now we have to enquire； What is the use
of those useful things which constitute wealth？ For all things probably
may be said to be useful which we use in production； just as all things
which have life are animals； but there is a special kind of animal which we
call 'man。' Now if any one were to ask us； What is that of which； if we
were rid； we should not want medicine and the instruments of medicine；
we might reply that this would be the case if disease were absent from our
bodies and either never came to them at all or went away again as soon as
it appeared； and we may therefore conclude that medicine is the science
which is useful for getting rid of disease。 But if we are further asked；
What is that from which； if we were free； we should have no need of
wealth？ can we give an answer？ If we have none； suppose that we
restate the question thus：If a man could live without food or drink； and
yet suffer neither hunger nor thirst； would he want either money or
anything else in order to supply his needs？
ERYXIAS： He would not。
SOCRATES： And does not this apply in other cases？ If we did not
want for the service of the body the things of which we now stand in need；
and heat and cold and the other bodily sensations were unperceived by us；
there would be no use in this so…called wealth； if no one； that is； had any
necessity for those things which now make us wish for wealth in order that
we may satisfy the desires and needs of the body in respect of our various
wants。 And therefore if the possession of wealth is useful in ministering
to our bodily wants； and bodily wants were unknown to us； we should not
need wealth； and possibly there would be no such thing as wealth。
ERYXIAS： Clearly not。
SOCRATES： Then our conclusion is； as would appear； that wealth is
what is useful to this end？
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Eryxias once more gave his assent； but the small argument
considerably troubled him。
SOCRATES： And what is your opinion about another question：
Would you say that the same thing can be at one time useful and at another
useless for the production of the same result？
ERYXIAS：