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no rational deliberation forms the basis of their labour； we say at once that it is a product of their nature （of instinct）； and it is only to their Creator that we ascribe it as art。 If； as sometimes happens； in a search through a bog； we light on a piece of hewn wood； we do not say it is a product of nature but of art。 Its producing cause had an end in view to which the object owes its form。 Apart from such cases； we recognize an art in everything formed in such a way that its actuality must have been preceded by a representation of the thing in its cause （as even in the case of the bees）； although the effect could not have been thought by the cause。 But where anything is called absolutely a work of art； to distinguish it from a natural product； then some work of man is always understood。 （2。） Art； as human skill； is distinguished also from science （as ability from knowledge）； as a practical from a theoretical faculty； as technic from theory （as the art of surveying from geometry）。 For this reason； also； what one can do the' moment one only knows what is to be done； hence without…anything more than sufficient knowledge of the desired result； is not called art。 To art that alone belongs which the possession of the most complete knowledge does not involve one's having then and there the skill to do it。 Camper； describes very exactly how the best shoe must be made； but he； doubtless； was not able to turn one out himself。*
*In my part of the country； if you set a common man a problem like that of Columbus and his egg； he says； 〃There is no art in that； it is only science〃： i。e。； you can do it if you know how； and he says just the same of all the would…be arts of jugglers。 To that of the tight…rope dancer； on the other hand； he has not the least compunction in giving the name of art。
（3。） Art is further distinguished from handicraft。 The first is called free； the other may be called industrial art。 We look on the former as something which could only prove final （be a success） as play； i。e。； an occupation which is agreeable on its own account； but on the second as labour； i。e。； a business； which on its own account is disagreeable （drudgery）； and is only attractive by means of what it results in （e。g。； the pay）； and which is consequently capable of being a compulsory imposition。 Whether in the list of arts and crafts we are to rank watchmakers as artists； and smiths on the contrary as craftsmen； requires a standpoint different from that here adopted…one； that is to say； taking account of the proposition of the talents which the business undertaken in either case must necessarily involve。 Whether； also； among the so…called seven free arts some may not have been included which should be reckoned as sciences； and many； too； that resemble handicraft； is a matter I will not discuss here。 It is not amiss； however； to remind the reader of this： that in all free arts something of a compulsory character is still required； or； as it is called； a mechanism； without which the soul； which in art must be free； and which alone gives life to the work； would be bodyless and evanescent （e。g。； in the poetic art there must be correctness and wealth of language； likewise prosody and metre）。 For not a few leaders of a newer school believe that the best way to promote a free art is to sweep away all restraint and convert it from labour into mere play。
SS 44。 Fine art
There is no science of the beautiful； but only a critique。 Nor； again； is there an elegant （schone） science； but only a fine （schone） art。 For a science of the beautiful would have to determine scientifically； i。e。； by means of proofs； whether a thing was to be considered beautiful or not； and the judgement upon beauty； consequently； would； if belonging to science； fail to be a judgement of taste。 As for a beautiful science…a science which； as such； is to be beautiful； is a nonentity。 For if； treating it as a science； we were to ask for reasons and proofs； we would be put off with elegant phrases （bons mots）。 What has given rise to the current expression elegant sciences is； doubtless； no more than this； that common observation has； quite accurately； noted the fact that for fine art； in the fulness of its perfection； a large store of science is required； as； for example； knowledge of ancient languages； acquaintance with classical authors； history； antiquarian learning； etc。 Hence these historical sciences； owing to the fact that they form the necessary preparation and groundwork for fine art； and partly also owing to the fact that they are taken to comprise even the knowledge of the products of fine art （rhetoric and poetry）； have by a…confusion of words； actually got the name of elegant sciences。 Where art； merely seeking to actualize a possible object to the cognition of which it is adequate； does whatever acts are required for that purpose。 then it is mechanical。 But should the feeling of pleasure be what it has immediately in view； it is then termed aesthetic art。 As such it may be either agreeable or fine art。 The description 〃agreeable art〃 applies where the end of the art is that the pleasure should accompany the representations considered as mere sensations； the description 〃fine art〃 where it is to accompany them considered as modes of cognition。 Agreeable arts are those which have mere enjoyment for their object。 Such are all the charms that can gratify a dinner party： entertaining narrative； the art of starting the whole table in unrestrained and sprightly conversation； or with jest and laughter inducing a certain air of gaiety。 Here； as the saying goes； there may be much loose talk over the glasses； without a person wishing to be brought to book for all he utters； because it is only given out for the entertainment of the moment； and not as a lasting matter to be made the subject of reflection or repetition。 （Of the same sort is also the art of arranging the table for enjoyment； or； at large banquets； the music of the orchestra…a quaint idea intended to act on the mind merely as an agreeable noise fostering a genial spirit； which； without any one paying the smallest attention to the composition； promotes the free flow of conversation between guest and guest。） In addition must be included play of every kind which is attended with no further interest than that of making the time pass by unheeded。 Fine art； on the other hand； is a mode of representation which is intrinsically final； and which； although devoid of an end； has the effect of advancing the culture of the mental powers in the interests of social communication。 The universal communicability of a pleasure involves in its very concept that the pleasure is not one of enjoyment arising out of mere sensation； but must be one of reflection。 Hence aesthetic art； as art which is beautiful； is one having for its standard the reflective judgement and not organic sensation。
SS 45。 Fine art is an art； so far as it has at the same time the appearance of being nature。
A product of fine art must be recognized to be art and not nature。 Nevertheless the finality in its form must appear just as free from the constraint of arbitrary rules as if it were a product of mere nature。 Upon this feeling of freedom in the play of our cognitive faculties…which play has at the same time to be final rests that pleasure which alone is universally communicable without being based on concepts。 Nature proved beautiful when it wore the appearance of art； and art can only be termed beautiful； where we are conscious of its being art； while yet it has the appearance of nature。 For； whether we are dealing with beauty of nature or beauty of art； we may make the universal statement： That is beautiful which pleases in the mere estimate of it （not in sensation or by means of a concept）。 Now art has always got a definite intention of producing something。 Were this 〃something；〃 however； to be mere sensation （something merely subjective）； intended to be accompanied with pleasure； then such product would； in our estimation of it； only please through the agency of the feeling of the senses。 On the other hand； were the intention one directed to the production of a definite object； then； supposing thi